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Messages - Dr Varun Sharma

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25
Books / Re: Operation Theatre
« on: April 22, 2012, 07:30:01 pm »
Operating-Room Environment

Introduction | Preoperative Period | Operating-Room Environment | Postoperative Period | Overview | References   
Clean-Air Technology
The use of ultraviolet light to sterilize air particles carrying bacteria was initiated in 1936, but the absolute effectiveness of this technology in the clinical setting has not been definitively determined, as studies to date have been retrospective, with comparison of clinical experiences and historical controls41,50,64. The lack of conclusive clinical studies combined with concern regarding exposure of operating-room personnel to ultraviolet light has led to only tentative acceptance of this methodology. However, recent cost-effectiveness comparisons have created a resurgent interest in ultraviolet-light technology since it is considerably less expensive than laminar airflow systems8,64.
In 1969, Charnley and Eftekhar reported a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of postoperative infection after total hip arthroplasty, from 9 per cent (seventeen of 190) to 1 per cent (nine of 708), with the implementation of a clean-air operating theater16. Careful analysis of their data suggested that multiple factors over the course of the study, such as the method of subcutaneous wound closure and the use of antibiotics, may also have contributed to the reduced rate of infection. In a subsequent report that attempted to clarify these other variables, Charnley concluded that clean air was the most important factor but was not the sole reason for this reduction in the prevalence of infection15. It should be noted that he suggested that clean air is optimally provided by a combination of laminar airflow, with a room-air-exchange turnover rate of more than 300 times an hour; the use of a vertical airflow system; and the use of personnel isolator suits. He also stressed that horizontal laminar airflow systems should be used with body-exhaust systems and impermeable gowns15. Finally, he stated: "I most certainly do not wish to be reported as advocating clean air as a panacea for all surgeon's problems of sepsis in total hip replacement."15
Subsequently, substantial interest developed in the use of clean-air technology as a method of preventing infection in association with total joint arthroplasty. Many initial studies retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of laminar airflow systems by comparing historical rates of infection, and a thorough review by Nelson et al. detailed many of these studies85. A large multicenter prospective randomized clinical trial62 evaluating the effect of laminar airflow during 6781 hip arthroplasties and 1274 knee arthroplasties performed between 1974 and 1979 was published in 1982. Infection occurred in sixty-three (1.5 per cent) of 4129 patients in the control group and in only twenty-three (0.6 per cent) of 3923 patients in the ultraclean-air group (p < 0.001)62. Although these results seemed to provide irrefutable evidence as to the efficacy of laminar airflow systems, the study design had flaws that included randomization irregularities and lack of patient stratification, and, furthermore, the use of prophylactic antibiotics was not controlled59. This study did demonstrate clearly that body-exhaust suits reduced the bacterial counts in the room air and, in general, that vertical airflow systems performed better than horizontal airflow systems. The inconsistency in the use of prophylactic antibiotics in this study62 was a major problem because, in the presence of prophylactic antibiotics, the independent effect of laminar airflow was reduction of the prevalence of infection further from twenty-four (0.8 per cent) of 2968 in the control group to ten (0.3 per cent) of 2863 in the ultraclean-air group, which was not significant (p < 0.1) (Table II). However, in the absence of prophylactic antibiotics, the rate of infection was reduced from thirty-nine (3.4 per cent) of 1161 to thirteen (1.2 per cent) of 1060, which was significant (p < 0.01) (Table II). These data suggest that both factors have an independent effect on the reduction of infection but leave open the question of whether laminar airflow is necessary when prophylactic antibiotics are used.
A large retrospective study of 2384 total hip arthroplasties resulted in additional doubt about the absolute efficacy of laminar airflow technology when prophylactic antibiotics are used69. Between 1975 and 1978, when none of the patients received prophylactic antibiotics, infection developed after nine (3.1 per cent) of 289 arthroplasties performed in a conventional operating room, compared with nine (2.5 per cent) of 363 arthroplasties performed in a laminar airflow room (p = 0.5). After the use of prophylactic antibiotics was initiated in 1979, infection developed following six (0.9 per cent) of 669 arthroplasties performed in the conventional operating room, compared with three (0.3 per cent) of 1063 arthroplasties performed in a laminar airflow room. Again, these differences were not significant (p = 0.1). The difference in the rates of infection between the two study periods (2.8 per cent without antibiotic prophylaxis, compared with 0.5 per cent with antibiotic prophylaxis) was highly significant (p < 0.00001)69. Although retrospective, the study was limited to patients who had had the arthroplasty performed by the same surgeons in one hospital and who had received the same prosthesis, and it was based on excellent documentation of the use of prophylactic antibiotics and consistent use of vertical laminar airflow and body-exhaust suits69.
A large retrospective study by Salvati et al. of 3175 total hip and knee replacements, performed with or without a horizontal unidirectional filtered airflow system, demonstrated a detrimental effect of laminar airflow104. It is extremely important to note that personnel isolator suits were not used in this study. The paradoxical increase in the rate of infection after total knee arthroplasty performed in the laminar airflow rooms was attributed to positioning of the operating team between the patient and the airflow unit, with subsequent entrainment of air containing particulate matter and bacteria from the operating-room personnel into the operative wound104.
The preliminary results were recently reported for a randomized blinded prospective study of 7305 patients who had a total hip or knee arthroplasty with use of horizontal unidirectional airflow and no personnel isolator suits33. All of the patients received antibiotic prophylaxis. Although there was no significant difference in the rate of deep periprosthetic infection between the patients who had the procedure in a room with activated laminar airflow and those who had it in the presence of conventional airflow, it should be noted that these preliminary results essentially parallel the results of Salvati et al.104, in that there was a trend toward a higher rate of infection in some groups with laminar airflow but not in others.
These recent studies emphasize the need for appropriate application of clean-air technology and the paradoxical effects that can occur with the misunderstanding of clean-air concepts. Although there is still considerable controversy regarding the necessity of laminar airflow for the performance of total joint arthroplasty if prophylactic antibiotics are used, the following points can be reasonably drawn from the available literature.
1. Vertical laminar airflow units generally reduce airborne contamination better than horizontal airflow units. This is especially true when personnel isolator suits are not used.
2. Strict attention to laminar airflow protocol is essential, and there can be paradoxical increases in the rates of infection if these concepts are disregarded.
3. During the past few decades, the appropriate use of clean-air technology to reduce airborne contamination has reduced the prevalence of infection after total hip and knee arthroplasty.
4. The current literature has not established that clean-air technology can greatly reduce the prevalence of infection when prophylactic antibiotics are also used. However, if the rate of early postoperative infection following the procedures performed by an individual surgeon or at a specific institution exceeds four or five per 1000 total hip arthroplasties and six, seven, or eight per 1000 total knee arthroplasties, the use of some method of clean-air technology should be considered to reduce further the prevalence of infection15,16,33,49,61,62,108. It is important to remember that, with this low prevalence of infection of less than 1 per cent, analysis of more than 6000 patients is required to achieve the statistical power necessary to determine the effect of any one independent variable, such as airflow, on the rate of infection after total joint replacements.

26
Books / Operation Theatre
« on: April 22, 2012, 04:27:08 pm »
Includes



• Properly preparing a client for clinical procedures
• Handwashing
• Surgical hand scrub
• Using barriers such as gloves and surgical attire
• Maintaining a sterile field
• Using good surgical technique 
• Maintaining a safe environment in the surgical/procedure area

External link for download
http://www.ems.org.eg/esic_home/data/giued_part2/Operating%20Theatre.pdf

28
General Discussion / Re: Paper presentation--Tips and tricks
« on: March 14, 2012, 10:02:18 pm »
Tips for Writing Technical Papers

http://infolab.stanford.edu/~widom/paper-writing.html


Paper Title
The Abstract
The Introduction
Related Work
The Body
Performance Experiments
The Conclusions
Future Work
The Acknowledgements
Citations
Appendices
Grammar and Small-Scale Presentation Issues
Mechanics
Versions and Distribution
Running Example

As a running (fictitious!) example, suppose you've designed and run experiments with a new algorithm for external multipass merge-sort. Your algorithm reduces the complexity from O(n log n) to O(n), under the premise that it's acceptable to have some bounded "unsortedness" in the result. You plan to write up the results for submission to a major conference.
Note: This example was used throughout the live presentation but I haven't followed through much in these notes. Thus, the notes include several exercises for the reader.

Paper Title

Titles can be long and descriptive:
Linear-Time External Multipass Sorting with Approximation Guarantees
or short and sweet:
Approximate External Sort
Here's a middle-of-the-road length, plus a cute name that sticks in people's minds:
Floosh: A Linear-Time Algorithm for Approximate External Sort
The Abstract

State the problem, your approach and solution, and the main contributions of the paper. Include little if any background and motivation. Be factual but comprehensive. The material in the abstract should not be repeated later word for word in the paper.
(Exercise: Write an abstract for the multiway sort example.)

The Introduction

The Introduction is crucially important. By the time a referee has finished the Introduction, he's probably made an initial decision about whether to accept or reject the paper -- he'll read the rest of the paper looking for evidence to support his decision. A casual reader will continue on if the Introduction captivated him, and will set the paper aside otherwise. Again, the Introduction is crucially important.
Here is the Stanford InfoLab's patented five-point structure for Introductions. Unless there's a good argument against it, the Introduction should consist of five paragraphs answering the following five questions:

What is the problem?
Why is it interesting and important?
Why is it hard? (E.g., why do naive approaches fail?)
Why hasn't it been solved before? (Or, what's wrong with previous proposed solutions? How does mine differ?)
What are the key components of my approach and results? Also include any specific limitations.
(Exercise: Answer these questions for the multiway sort example.)
Then have a final paragraph or subsection: "Summary of Contributions". It should list the major contributions in bullet form, mentioning in which sections they can be found. This material doubles as an outline of the rest of the paper, saving space and eliminating redundancy.

(Exercise: Write the bullet list for the multiway sort example.)

Related Work

The perennial question: Should related work be covered near the beginning of the paper or near the end?
Beginning, if it can be short yet detailed enough, or if it's critical to take a strong defensive stance about previous work right away. In this case Related Work can be either a subsection at the end of the Introduction, or its own Section 2.
End, if it can be summarized quickly early on (in the Introduction or Preliminaries), or if sufficient comparisons require the technical content of the paper. In this case Related Work should appear just before the Conclusions, possibly in a more general section "Discussion and Related Work".
The Body

Guideline #1: A clear new important technical contribution should have been articulated by the time the reader finishes page 3 (i.e., a quarter of the way through the paper).
Guideline #2: Every section of the paper should tell a story. (Don't, however, fall into the common trap of telling the entire story of how you arrived at your results. Just tell the story of the results themselves.) The story should be linear, keeping the reader engaged at every step and looking forward to the next step. There should be no significant interruptions -- those can go in the Appendix; see below.

Aside from these guidelines, which apply to every paper, the structure of the body varies a lot depending on content. Important components are:

Running Example: When possible, use a running example throughout the paper. It can be introduced either as a subsection at the end of the Introduction, or its own Section 2 or 3 (depending on Related Work).
Preliminaries: This section, which follows the Introduction and possibly Related Work and/or Running Example, sets up notation and terminology that is not part of the technical contribution. One important function of this section is to delineate material that's not original but is needed for the paper. Be concise -- remember the critical rule of thumb.
Content: The meat of the paper includes algorithms, system descriptions, new language constructs, analyses, etc. Whenever possible use a "top-down" description: readers should be able to see where the material is going, and they should be able to skip ahead and still get the idea.
Performance Experiments

We could have an entire treatise on this topic alone and I am surely not the expert. Here are some random thoughts:
Many conferences expect experiments.
It's easy to do "hokey" or meaningless experiments, and many papers do.
It's easy to craft experiments to show your work in its best light, and most papers do.
What should performance experiments measure? Possiblities:
Pure running time
Sensitivity to important parameters
Scalability in various aspects: data size, problem complexity, ...
Others?
What should performance experiments show? Possibilities:
Absolute performance (i.e., it's acceptable/usable)
Relative performance to naive approaches
Relative performance to previous approaches
Relative performance among different proposed approaches
Others?
The Conclusions

In general a short summarizing paragraph will do, and under no circumstances should the paragraph simply repeat material from the Abstract or Introduction. In some cases it's possible to now make the original claims more concrete, e.g., by referring to quantitative performance results.
Future Work

This material is important -- part of the value of a paper is showing how the work sets new research directions. I like bullet lists here. (Actually I like them in general.) A couple of things to keep in mind:
If you're actively engaged in follow-up work, say so. E.g.: "We are currently extending the algorithm to... blah blah, and preliminary results are encouraging." This statement serves to mark your territory.
Conversely, be aware that some researchers look to Future Work sections for research topics. My opinion is that there's nothing wrong with that -- consider it a complement.
The Acknowledgements

Don't forget them or you'll have people with hurt feelings. Acknowledge anyone who contributed in any way: through discussions, feedback on drafts, implementation, etc. If in doubt about whether to include someone, include them.
Citations

Spend the effort to make all citations complete and consistent. Do not just copy random inconsistent BibTex (or other) entries from the web and call it a day. Check over your final bibliography carefully and make sure every entry looks right.
Appendices

Appendices should contain detailed proofs and algorithms only. Appendices can be crucial for overlength papers, but are still useful otherwise. Think of appendices as random-access substantiation of underlying gory details. As a rule of thumb:
Appendices should not contain any material necessary for understanding the contributions of the paper.
Appendices should contain all material that most readers would not be interested in.
Grammar and Small-Scale Presentation Issues

In general everyone writing papers is strongly encouraged to read the short and very useful The Elements of Style  by Strunk and White. Here's a random list of pet peeves.
Just like a program, all "variables" (terminology and notation) in the paper should be defined before being used, and should be defined only once. (Exception: Sometimes after a long hiatus it's useful to remind the reader of a definition.) Global definitions should be grouped into the Preliminaries section; other definitions should be given just before their first use.
Do not use "etc." unless the remaining items are completely obvious.
Acceptable: We shall number the phases 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.
Unacceptable: We measure performance factors such as volatility, scalability, etc.
Never say "for various reasons". (Example: We decided not to consider the alternative, for various reasons.) Tell the reader the reasons!
Avoid nonreferential use of "this", "that", "these", "it", and so on (Ullman pet peeve). Requiring explicit identification of what "this" refers to enforces clarity of writing. Here is a typical example of nonreferential "this": Our experiments test several different environments and the algorithm does well in some but not all of them. This is important because ...
(Exercise: The above rule is violated at least once in this document. Find the violations.)

Italics are for definitions or quotes, not for emphasis (Gries pet peeve). Your writing should be constructed such that context alone provides sufficient emphasis.
(Exercise: The above rule is violated at least once in this document. Find the violations.)

People frequently use "which" versus "that" incorrectly. "That" is defining; "which" is nondefining. Examples of correct use:
The algorithms that are easy to implement all run in linear time.
The algorithms, which are easy to implement, all run in linear time.
Mechanics

Always run a spelling checker on your final paper, no excuses.
For drafts and technical reports use 11 point font, generous spacing, 1" margins, and single-column format. There's no need to torture your casual readers with the tiny fonts and tight spacing used in conference proceedings these days.
In drafts and final camera-ready, fonts in figures should be no smaller than the font size in the body of the paper.
Tables, figures, graphs, and algorithms should always be placed on the top of a page or column, not in the body of the text unless it is very small and fits into the flow of the paper.
Every table, figure, graph, or algorithm should appear on the same page as its first reference, or on the following page (LaTex willing...).
Before final submission or publication of your paper, print it once and take a look -- you might be quite surprised how different it looks on paper from how it looked on your screen (if you even bothered to look at it after you ran Latex the last time...).
Versions and Distribution

Many papers have a submitted (and later published) conference version, along with a "full paper" technical report on the web. It's important to manage versions carefully, both in content and proliferation. My recommendation is, whenever possible, for the full paper to consist of simply the conference version plus appendices. The full paper should be the only public one aside from conference proceedings, it should be coordinated with latest (final) conference version, and modifications to the full paper should always overwrite all publicly accessible previous versions of it.
I believe in putting papers on the web the minute they're finished. They should be dated and can be referenced as technical reports -- it's not necessary to have an actual technical report number. Never, ever put up a paper with a conference copyright notice when it's only been submitted, and never, ever reference a paper as "submitted to conference X." You're only asking for embarrassment when the paper is finally published in conference Y a year or two later.

29
General Discussion / Paper presentation--Tips and tricks
« on: March 14, 2012, 10:00:21 pm »
Some tips for preparing your paper presentation
First, organize your talk:
Read the entire paper at least 3 times.
You need to be able to explain the details in the paper (even the ugly tricky notation)
You need to be able to provide a critical analysis of the paper
Check out references in the related work section of the paper. (this will help you put the paper in context of a larger body of work and will help you critique the paper's results/contributions)
Look at Paper Reading Advice for more details.

Find the important ideas A paper has many details but only one or two main ideas; structure your talk around these main ideas.

Create a Talk Outline
Your talk should be organized in a top-down manner.
You should have the following main sections in your talk:
Introduction, The Big Picture: what, why, how, and why we should care (motivation). Be sure to include:
a statement of the problem being solved (what)
motivation and putting the work in context (why and why should we care)
a high-level view of the author's solution (how)
Details of solution
Results demonstrating/proving their solution
Critic of Work (possibly compare to related work)
Conclusions & Future Directions for this work

The talk should be organized as the important ideas first, the details second, conclusions last. Each section of your talk should be organized in a similar manor: high-level important points first, details second, summarize high-level points last. If the paper is well written, you can use the paper's organization as a guide.

Next, Design your slides
Slide Organization Your slides should be organized like an outline--a few main points, with sub points under each one.
Your slides are a guide for your talk not a word-for-word copy of your talk. List specific points that you want to talk about as sub-topics of each main topic. If there are particular details that you want to discuss, outline them on the slide and keep written notes for you to refer to in your talk rather than writing all the details on the slide.

Summarize Main Points You should have a summary slide of the main ideas at the end.
If applicable, Include a list of open questions from the paper

It is okay to waste space Add just enough prose prose to present the main points and highlight the main parts of each point. Use phrases rather than complete sentences and use large fonts. You can use acronyms and abbreviations sparingly, however you should say the complete name when you talk about about them. For example, if you abbreviate processes to procs on a slide, say "processes" when you talk about the point not "procs". Similarly, if your create an acronym for your super fast multi-cast implementation SFMC and refer to the old slow multi-cast implementation as OSMC, then say "our super fast multi-cast" and "the old slow multi-cast" rather than "SFMC" and "OSMC". The exception is for well-known acronyms such as PVM, MPI, API, JVM, etc.

A picture is worth a thousand words Use figures and graphs to explain implementation and results. It is very hard to describe a system implementation without having a picture of the components of the system. I once attended a talk about Intel's I64 architecture where the speaker tried to discuss the details of the layout of the chip and the interactions between the components without having any figures. It made for a very bad talk and a very hostile audience.

Number of Slides As a general rule, it should take 2-3 minutes to talk through the material on one slide, so for a 45 minute talk you should have about 20 slides.
If there is too much material in a paper to present completely in 45 minutes, then pick one part (the most interesting/important part) that you will discuss in detail, and present the other parts at a higher level. You can create back-up slides for specific details that you don't plan to talk about, but may get questions about.

Next, preparing your presentation
Provide a talk road-map Tell audience where you are going with your talk.
Give audience a road-map of your talk at the beginning by using outline slides
Immediately after the title slide, put up an outline slide and tell the audience the main organization of your talk. Another alternative is to first have a few slides motivating the paper's general topic, then put up an outline slide giving the audience a road-map of your talk.
It should be clear when you start a new high-level part of your talk
Use good transitions from one slide to the next, and from one main topic to the next..."We just talked about the implementation of foo now we will look at how well foo performs for synthetic and real workloads.
You may want to use the outline slide at other points in your talk to provide a visual transition between parts.

Repeat Your Point There is a rule that says you have to tell your audience something three times before the really hear it:
Tell them what you are going to say.
Say it.
Summarize what you said.
This is particularly important for figures and graphs. For example:

This graph show how the A algorithm performs better than the B and C algorithms as the number of nodes increase
The X axis is number of nodes, the Y axis is execution time in seconds The red curve shows the execution time of A as the number of nodes increases The blue curve shows ...
Thus you can see that as the number of nodes increases above N, the A algorithm performs better. This is because of increased message traffic in algorithms B and C as shown on the next slide...

Explain concepts in your own words It is certainly okay to lift key phrases from the paper to use in your talk. However, you should also try to summarize the main ideas of the paper in your own words.

Talk to the Audience Don't read your slide off the screen, nor directly off the projector. It is okay to stop for a second and refer to your notes if you need to.

Practice Give a practice run-through of your talk. Stand in a room for 1 hour and talk through all your slides (out loud). This should be a timed dress rehearsal (don't stop and fix slides as you go). Members of your reading group should provide a practice audience for you.

Nervousness: How to fight back
A well organized, practiced talk will almost always go well. If you draw a blank, then looking at your slides will help you get back on track.
Taking a deep breath will clam you down. One trick is to try to remember to take a deep breath between each slide.
Slow down. Take a few seconds to think about a question that is being asked before you answer it. It is okay to pause for a few seconds between points and between slides; a second or two of silence between points is noticeable only to you, but if you are talking a mile a minute everyone will notice.
Bring notes. if you are afraid that you will forget a point or will forget your elegant transition between slides 11 and 12, write these down on a piece of paper and bring it with you. However, you don't want to have a verbatim copy of your talk, instead write down key phrases that you want to remember to say.
Give at least one practice talk to an audience.
Be prepared to answer questions. You don't have to know the answer to every question, however you should be prepared to answer questions and able to answer most questions about the paper. Before you give the talk, think about what questions you are likely to get, and how you would answer them. You may want to have back-up slides ready for answering certain questions.
It is okay to say "I don't know" or better yet "gee, I hadn't thought about that, but one possible approach would be to..." or to refer to your notes to answer questions.

30
second infarction theory ***    of sanchi in perthes disease ???

it is infarction/aseptic necrosis of femoral head second time
AFTER total healing of perthes disease which accured 4 to 5 years earliar

tests related to blood hypercoagulopathy ,hypofibrinolysis ,certain genetic factors are relevant
this recurrent osteonecrosis of head of femur in children

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